Stones

//Stones are hard nonmetallic mineral matters of which rocks are compose. There are many types of stones like: granite, brick, marble, rubble, between many others that are often used for construction purposes because of their durability and strength, and also because its shape can be sculpted according to men’s desire.// __
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 Stones are hard minerals that form rocks. They offer different advantages when use in constructions because of their durability and adaptability to sculptural treatment. On the other hand, their use when building can involve a lot of effort in their transportation and cutting. Also, they can present several challenges because of their weakness in tension and their cost as building material. Over time, several techniques, when working with rocks, have been developed: ranking from cheapest like rubble, to a more refined and suitable works as the ashlars masonry.  //__ // //__Rubble __// //: roughly broken stones of any shape bounded in mortar. // //__Ashlar masonry: __// // the strongest and most suitable stonework for monumental architecture, which consists of regularly cut blocks (usually rectangular). // // //Stone masonry, in contrast with brick, does not depend on strong bonding for stability where it supports only direct downward loads. . //  //Arches require more support and buttressing than equivalent forms in other materials. // <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> ** //<span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">The __entablatures__ of an ancient Greek temple, for example, were bonded by small bronze dowels. But the weight creates problems of stability when loads push at an angle; stone vaults and arches require more support and buttressing than equivalent forms in other materials. // <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;"> //<span style="font-size: 11pt; color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">Many stones are strong enough to provide monolithic supports (column and piers) and beams (lintels); and in some styles stone slabs are employed even for roofing (ancient Egyptian temples, early Christian basilicas in Syria). But this roofing requires so many columns that unvaulted masonry buildings are almost always combined with floors and covering in wood // <span style="font-size: 11pt; color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;"> <span style="font-size: 11pt; color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;"> ** //<span style="font-size: 11pt; color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">**Superlative** <span style="font-size: 11pt; color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">**:** strongest, simplest, cheapest. // <span style="font-size: 11pt; color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;"> //<span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">...Stone vaults and arches require __more support and buttressing than__ equivalent forms in other materials... // //<span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">...The stone resists deformation __better than__ any bonding material... // || <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;"> ||  ||
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 * Homework** __//
 * 1. Find 2 definitions in the text:** //
 * 2. Find 2 statements of comparison and contrast:** //
 * //<span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">3. Find 2 statements expressing cause and effect: //
 * //<span style="font-size: 11pt; color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">4. Find 2 adjectives in the superlative form and 2 in the comparative form: //
 * //<span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">Comparative <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-fareast-language: EN-CA;">: //**